1. Test your knowledge of fair housing law history. Which statement is false?
A. Following the Civil War, the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States declared that all persons born in the United States are citizens.
B. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 provides that all citizens have the same rights to real property as do white citizens.
C. In 1917, the United States Supreme Court voided the racial zoning that had been used to keep persons of different ethnicities in their own neighborhoods.
D. Since 1917, property owners have successfully used deed restrictions based on race, religion and national origin to accomplish racial zoning on a private basis.
2. Test your knowledge of fair housing law history. Which statement is not true?
A. REALTORS® and appraisers have always believed that the appraised value of a property would not take into account “the customs, habits and characteristics of various strata of society and races of peoples.”
B. In 1924, the REALTOR® Code of Ethics was revised to include Article 34, which stated: “A REALTOR® should never be instrumental in introducing into a neighborhood a character of property or occupancy, members of any race or nationality, or any individuals whose presence will clearly be detrimental to property values in that neighborhood.”
C. In 1934, the Federal Housing Administration recommended the inclusion of restrictive covenants in the deeds of homes it insured, and instituted a policy known as redlining, refusing to insure homes in African-American neighborhoods.
D. In the 4th quarter of 2017, the Census Bureau reported that the homeownership rate among white, nonHispanic Americans was 72.7 percent, while for African-Americans the rate was just 42.1 percent. Many scholars attribute that disparity in large part to the restrictive covenants and other discriminatory practices of the past.
3. Test your knowledge of the history of the Fair Housing Act. Which statement is true?
A. The Kerner Commission, studying the civil disorders and causes of riots in U.S. cities in 1967, wrote, “Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white — separate and unequal.”
B. On April 4, 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated, and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Fair Housing Act into law on April 11, 1968.
C. The 1968 Fair Housing Act prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion and national origin and stated, “It is the policy of the United States to provide, within constitutional limitations, for fair housing throughout the United States.”
D. All of the above.
4. Which of the following laws does not apply to private residential housing?
A. Civil Rights Act of 1866.
B. Federal Fair Housing Act.
C. The Americans with Disabilities Act.
D. The Housing for Older Persons Act of 1995.
5. The Fair Housing Act (FHA) prohibits discrimination based on familial status. When would a landlord establishing occupancy standards be at risk of violating the FHA?
A. The landlord adopts a strict two-persons-per-bedroom standard, in part because that is mentioned in the 1998 guidance of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
B. The landlord adopts the 1998 guidance of HUD setting a general standard of two persons per bedroom but also subject to other factors such as size of the bedrooms and the overall unit, the age of any children, the unit configuration, other physical limitations of the housing, state and local law, and other relevant factors.
C. The landlord’s occupancy standards are created to meet legitimate reasons such as health and safety, overcrowding, or capacity of utilities or infrastructure.
D. The landlord creates standards that are more restrictive than those contained in local, state or federal occupancy codes because he has legitimate reasons that are reasonable.
6. With regard to the responsibilities of a seller or landlord under the federal FHA, what can a home seller or landlord not do?
A. Discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status or national origin in the terms or conditions of the sale or rental of a dwelling.
B. Instruct the listing broker to express limitations or restrictions based on race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin in advertising because the real estate professional must obey the instructions of the seller or landlord client.
C. Deny that housing is available, or state that the property is available only to persons of a certain race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status or national origin.
D. All of the above.
7. The 5-4 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 US _ (2015) reached what fundamental conclusion?
A. The Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution requires a state to license a marriage between two people of the same sex and to recognize a marriage between two people of the same sex that was lawfully licensed and performed in another state.
B. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees the right to marry as one of the fundamental liberties it protects, and that analysis applies to same-sex couples in the same manner as it does to opposite-sex couples.
C. The First Amendment protects the rights of religious organizations to adhere to their principles, but it does not allow states to deny same-sex couples the right to marry on the same terms as those for opposite-sex couples.
D. All of the above.
8. Which of the following does not prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender identity?
A. Wisconsin’s Open Housing or fair housing law.
B. Article 10 of the REALTOR® Code of Ethics.
C. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009.
D. HUD’s Equal Access to Housing Policy for federally supported housing programs.
9. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), signed into law on July 26, 1990, makes it unlawful to discriminate against people with disabilities. Which is not true?
A. Title III of the ADA prohibits entities that own, lease, lease to or operate a place of public accommodation from discriminating against persons with disabilities. Covered businesses include hotels, restaurants, sales establishments including real estate offices, and offices of professionals such as attorneys and CPAs.
B. If a real estate broker or salesperson has a home office in which business is conducted with clients, that portion of the home need not comply with the ADA because it is part of a private residence.
C. Architectural and communication barriers are to be removed in existing public accommodation facilities where such removal is readily achievable, for example, by installing ramps, rearranging tables and chairs, adding raised markers on elevator control buttons, or widening doors.
D. Model homes are not subject to the ADA if they do not include a sales office and if they are not part of a public display for a fee, such as a parade of homes.
10.Which of the following is true regarding the application of the ADA accessibility requirements to a real estate firm’s website?
A. The ADA clearly applies to the websites of businesses that are public accommodations.
B. There have been numerous lawsuits filed accusing a business of violating the ADA by operating a website that isn’t accessible to users who are blind or who have other disabilities.
C. The Department of Justice (DOJ) takes the position that the ADA applies to all business websites and will provide rules in 2018.
D. The “Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0” created by the World Wide Web Consortium is the current legally binding standard for making websites accessible to persons with disabilities.
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